Description: The xiao (pronounced "siao") is a notched flute aerophone and is carved from bamboo hence its classification as a “bamboo instrument”. The name “Shudi” is ancient name for the xiao. In the rain of Emperor Qianlong [the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty], the xiao was associated with the royal courts and chamber music. In Fujian, China a much xiao similar in length to the Japanese shakuhachi called the nan-xiao is used in a local opera called "Nanyin" who is performed in quangzhuo. The xiao is the predecessor of the Japanese shakuhachi and hocchiko and the Korean Danso and tungso.

Details: The xiao is played vertically from a 45 degree angle to the body when sitting or standing, currently most have six or seven finger holes. The xiao is tuned in a pentatonic scale currently its available in the keys of G, D or F# although F# is a much less common key. The estimate length of the xiao can range from 45cm, 48cm to 1.25 meters. The notch for the xiao is either a “U” or “V” shape.

Dong-xiao: In Taiwan a type of xiao called "dong-xiao"

Qin-xiao: A much shorter length and narrow diameter flute called the qin-xiao is played to accompany the qin [zither].

Long-feng Xiao: This type of xiao is a double duct flute carved onto statues of dragons and serpents respectively.